Guides

The Nernst equation describes how the electrochemical potential of a redox reaction depends on temperature and on the concentrations of the substances involved. It is one of the most important tools in electrochemistry and explains, among other things, why pH electrodes work and how the redox potential (ORP) of water arises — for example during …

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The ppm value indicates how many parts of a substance there are per one million parts of a mixture. “ppm” stands for “parts per million”. In water, 1 ppm corresponds almost exactly to 1 milligram per litre (mg/L). The value matters wherever very small concentrations are involved — for example the H₂ content of hydrogen …

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Kangen water is a brand name of the Japanese manufacturer Enagic for alkaline, ionised water produced with electric water ionisers. “Kangen” (還元) roughly means “return to origin”. The product is surrounded by big health promises — and just as much criticism. This article gives a neutral assessment of what Kangen water is, how it is …

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The electrolysis of water is the splitting of water (H₂O) into its components hydrogen (H₂) and oxygen (O₂) using an electric current. It is the central reaction behind “green” hydrogen, behind water ionisers, and behind most devices that produce hydrogen water. This article explains the reaction equation, what happens at the anode and cathode, Faraday’s …

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Hydrogen water is ordinary water with extra molecular hydrogen (H₂) dissolved in it. In research, this gas is described as a selective antioxidant that may neutralise the most aggressive free radicals. What matters is not the pH but the dissolved H₂ concentration — measured in ppm or mg/L. This guide gives a neutral, evidence-based summary …

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